The third axis:Determinants and objectives foreign policy of great powers
Conditions d’achèvement
One coercive foreign policy tool available to great powers is economic sanctions,which are often considered a tool on the spectrum between military force and diplomacy.Given the comparative wealth and resource advantage of great powers,they are in a unique situation to be able to impose effective sanctions.They are more likely to use them than great powers,as economic sanctions are an attractive foreign policy tool for great powers to mold the international system to their liking and impose pressure on other states.
Sanctions do not often reduce the probability of conflict for great powers,but rather they are often signals of conflict by major powers.While sanctions are often a precursor to conflict,they do not find the inverse true(sanctions following militarized conflict).
references of the third axis:
1-Stephen Magun,Great Powers and US Foreign Policy towards Africa.Palgrave Macmillan,2019.
2-Carla Martinez Machain,Rebecca Kaye,and Jared Oestman,Great Power and Foreign Policy.Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics,2017.